1. On-Site Observation
® Process of observing, interpreting, and recording problem-solving behavior while it takes place
® More listening than talking
® Some experts do not like to be observed
® Fear of ‘giving away’ expertise is a concern
® Process can be distracting to others in the setting
2. Brainstorming
® Unstructured approach to generating ideas about a problem
® All possible solutions considered equally
® Emphasis is on the frequency of responses during the session
® Idea generation, followed by idea evaluation
3. Consensus Decision Making
® Clear agreement regarding the best solution to a problem
® As a tool, it follows brainstorming
® Procedure ensures fairness and standardization in the way experts arrive at a consensus
® Can be tedious and take hours
® The rigidity of the consensus method can be a problem for many experts
4. The Repertory Grid
® Domain expert viewed as a scientist who categorizes a problem domain using his or her own model
® Grid used to capture and evaluate the expert’s model
® Experts see problems based on reasoning that has stood test of time
® A representation of the experts’ way of looking at a particular problem
® A grid is a scale or a bipolar construct on which elements are placed within gradations
5. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
® Provides an interface between consensus and brainstorming
® Panel of experts becomes a “nominal” group whose meetings are structured in order to effectively pool individual judgment
® An ideawriting or idea generation technique
6. Delphi Method
® A survey of experts
® A series of questionnaires used to pool experts’ responses in order to solve a difficult problem
® Each expert’s contributions shared with rest of experts by using results of one questionnaire to construct the next questionnaire
7. Concept Mapping
® A network of concepts, consisting of nodes and links
® A node represents a concept and a link represents the relationship between concepts. (See next slide)
® An effective way for a group to function without losing their individuality
® Assumes all participants are experts with unique experience
® Each expert has equal chance to contribute to the solution via the blackboard
® Process continues until the problem has been solved
® Diverse approaches to problem solving
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